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integrated geography
Integrated geography (also, ''integrative geography'',〔Nicolaas A. Rupke (2008): ''Alexander Von Humboldt: A Metabiography''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226731490〕 ''environmental geography'' or ''human–environment geography'') is the branch of geography that describes and explains the spatial aspects of interactions between human individuals or societies and their natural environment,〔Noel Castree ''et al.'' (2009): ''A Companion to Environmental Geography''. London: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9781444305739〕 called coupled human–environment systems.
== Origins ==
It requires an understanding of the dynamics of physical geography, as well as the ways in which human societies conceptualize the environment (human geography). Thus, to a certain degree, it may be seen as a successor of ''Physische Anthropogeographie'' (English: "physical anthropogeography")—a term coined by University of Vienna geographer Albrecht Penck in 1924〔Karlheinz Paffen (1959): Stellung und Bedeutung der Physischen Anthropogeographie. In: ''Erdkunde'' 13 (4), pp. 354–372. (DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.1959.04.08 )〕—and geographical cultural or human ecology (Harlan H. Barrows 1923). Integrated geography in the United States is principally influenced by the schools of Carl O. Sauer (Berkeley), whose perspective was rather historical, and Gilbert F. White (Chicago), who developed a more applied view.
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